diff --git a/app/services/affinity_groups_hierarchy.rb b/app/services/affinity_groups_hierarchy.rb
index cd448de..ca5ddc3 100644
--- a/app/services/affinity_groups_hierarchy.rb
+++ b/app/services/affinity_groups_hierarchy.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ class AffinityGroupsHierarchy < Array
     end
 
     discomforts
+    invitation_counts
     freeze
   end
 
@@ -54,8 +55,16 @@ class AffinityGroupsHierarchy < Array
     Rational(dist, dist + 1)
   end
 
+  def guest_count(invitation_id)
+    @invitation_counts[invitation_id] || 0
+  end
+
   private
 
+  def invitation_counts
+    @invitation_counts = Guest.where.not(invitation_id: nil).group(:invitation_id).count
+  end
+
   def discomforts
     @discomforts ||= GroupAffinity.pluck(:group_a_id, :group_b_id,
                                          :discomfort).each_with_object({}) do |(id_a, id_b, discomfort), acc|
diff --git a/app/services/tables/discomfort_calculator.rb b/app/services/tables/discomfort_calculator.rb
index 6a7ebcf..e9da343 100644
--- a/app/services/tables/discomfort_calculator.rb
+++ b/app/services/tables/discomfort_calculator.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module Tables
     end
 
     def breakdown
-      @breakdown ||= { table_size_penalty:, cohesion_penalty: }
+      @breakdown ||= { table_size_penalty:, cohesion_penalty:, invitations_penalty: }
     end
 
     private
@@ -39,6 +39,12 @@ module Tables
       10 * (cohesion_discomfort * 1.0 / table.size)
     end
 
+    def invitations_penalty
+      2 * table.map(&:invitation_id)
+               .tally
+               .sum { |invitation_id, guests_in_table| hierarchy.guest_count(invitation_id) - guests_in_table }
+    end
+
     #
     # Calculates the discomfort of the table based on the cohesion of the guests. The total discomfort
     # is calculated as the sum of the discomfort of each pair of guests. The discomfort of a pair of
diff --git a/spec/services/tables/discomfort_calculator_spec.rb b/spec/services/tables/discomfort_calculator_spec.rb
index 3c37279..1945f51 100644
--- a/spec/services/tables/discomfort_calculator_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/services/tables/discomfort_calculator_spec.rb
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ module Tables
 
     describe '#calculate' do
       before do
-        allow(calculator).to receive_messages(table_size_penalty: 2, cohesion_discomfort: 3)
+        allow(calculator).to receive_messages(table_size_penalty: 2, cohesion_penalty: 5, invitations_penalty: 4)
       end
 
       let(:table) { Table.new(create_list(:guest, 6)) }
 
       it 'returns the sum of the table size penalty and the average cohesion penalty', :aggregate_failures do
-        expect(calculator.calculate).to eq(7)
-        expect(calculator.breakdown).to eq(table_size_penalty: 2, cohesion_penalty: 5)
+        expect(calculator.calculate).to eq(11)
+        expect(calculator.breakdown).to eq(table_size_penalty: 2, cohesion_penalty: 5, invitations_penalty: 4)
       end
     end
 
@@ -131,5 +131,44 @@ module Tables
         end
       end
     end
+
+    describe '#invitations_penalty' do
+      let(:invitation_a) { create(:invitation) }
+      let(:invitation_b) { create(:invitation) }
+      let(:invitation_c) { create(:invitation) }
+
+      let(:table) do
+        create_list(:guest, 2, invitation: invitation_a) +
+          create_list(:guest, 3, invitation: invitation_b) +
+          create_list(:guest, 4, invitation: invitation_c)
+      end
+
+      context 'when the table contains all members of an invitation' do
+        it 'returns 0 as penalty' do
+          expect(calculator.send(:invitations_penalty)).to eq(0)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'when there is an additional guest of one of the invitations that is not included' do
+        before do
+          create(:guest, invitation: invitation_a)
+        end
+
+        it 'returns the penalty for the missing guest' do
+          expect(calculator.send(:invitations_penalty)).to eq(2)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'when there are multiple guests missing from different invitations' do
+        before do
+          create(:guest, invitation: invitation_b)
+          create(:guest, invitation: invitation_c)
+        end
+
+        it 'returns 2x # of guests left out as the total penalty for all missing guests' do
+          expect(calculator.send(:invitations_penalty)).to eq(4)
+        end
+      end
+    end
   end
 end